A study published in Nature in 2018 (Culturing of female bladder bacteria reveals an interconnected urogenital microbiota, Nat Commun 9, 1557 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03968-5) reveals an interconnected urogenital microbiota. Detailed genomic and functional comparison of the bladder microbiota to the gastrointestinal and vaginal microbiotas demonstrates similar vaginal and bladder microbiota, with functional capacities that are distinct from those observed in the gastrointestinal microbiota.